High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a technique used for analysis of mixtures by separating, identifying, and quantifying their constituent components. Liquid chromatography normally operates with smaller amounts of material and seeks to measure the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. R&D laboratories in the pharmaceutical, food science and oil industries use these instruments for product development or reverse engineering.
There are many applications of industrial lasers. Whether used for cutting, welding, micro-machining, additive manufacturing or drilling, industrial lasers generate a significant amount of heat that can affect accuracy and repeatability of the system. Efficiently cooling lasers ensures proper, long-term performance of the laser. Compressor-based refrigeration systems have long been used to cool laser systems, while thermoelectric-based chillers or coolers offer spot cooling for low power lasers and optical components.
Corrosion in liquid cooling loops is caused by chemical, electro-chemical, or abrasive action by the heat transfer fluid on the wetted surfaces. Chemical product layers formed by corrosion can inhibit suitable heat transfer between the liquid and wetted metal surfaces. The corrosive products can introduce debris into the fluid system affecting fluid flow, clogging up filters and tight restrictions, or even damaging pump components. In extreme conditions, leaks can form if enough material is removed from the fluid containment.
